Do children think bedtime stories are real? One study examined whether children's beliefs regarding the reality of

Question:

Do children think bedtime stories are real? One study examined whether children's beliefs regarding the reality of people or events in stories depended on the type of book (Woolley \& Cox, 2007). In the study, 3-year-old children were read four books that were one of three types: realistic (people interacting with family and friends), fantastical (people interacting with monsters), or religious (people interacting with religious figures). After listening to each book, the children indicated whether they believed the people or events could exist or happen in real life. The children can be grouped into one of two categories based on the number of books with people or events they believed could exist in real life: none of the books versus one or more books. Imagine the researchers hypothesized that children were more likely to believe realistic books were real than fantastical or religious books. Listed below are the data from this study: image text in transcribed

Conduct the chi-square test of independence to test whether children's beliefs regarding the reality of people or events in books depend on the type of book they are read.

a. Construct a contingency table and bar chart for these data.

b. State the null and alternative hypotheses \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{0}\right.\) and \(\left.\mathrm{H}_{1}\right)\).

c. Make a decision about the null hypothesis.
(1) Calculate the degrees of freedom (df).
(2) Set alpha \((\alpha)\), identify the critical value, and state a decision rule.
(3) Calculate a statistic: chi-square \(\left(\chi^{2}\right)\).
(4) Make a decision whether to reject the null hypothesis.
(5) Determine the level of significance.
(6) Calculate a measure of effect size (Cramér's \(\phi\) ).

d. Draw a conclusion from the analysis.

e. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis.