For each of the research situations below, identify the two independent variables and indicate the type of \(A \times B\) design (e.g., \(2 \times 2,3 \times 3\) ).

a. A gardener reads an article that states that lawns grow better when they are watered once a week for 30 minutes as opposed to three times a week for 10 minutes. From his experience, the gardener hypothesizes that which watering schedule is better depends on the size of the lawn (small vs. large). For small lawns, the type of watering schedule does not make a difference. However, for large lawns, it is better to water once a week for 30 minutes than three times a week for 10 minutes.

b. A teacher is interested in seeing how attending class and reading the assigned chapters is related to her students' performance on tests. She assesses each student in terms of how often they attend class (rarely, sometimes, regularly)

and how often they read the assigned chapters (rarely, sometimes, regularly). She hypothesizes that students who attend class rarely will do poorly on tests, and they will do poorly regardless of how often they read the assigned chapters. She also believes students who attend class regularly will do well on tests, and they will do well regardless of how often they do the readings. However, for students who attend occasionally, she hypothesizes that the more they do the required readings, the better they will do on tests.

c. A fire chief reads research about how automobile accidents may be related to the color of the vehicles involved. Consequently, he wonders whether he should change the color of fire engines from red to yellow. Although he thinks both colors will be equally visible during the day, at night the yellow trucks will be easier to see than red trucks.

d. Let's say you wish to test the effects of consuming alcohol; more specifically, there is a psychological effect such that the expectation that one is drinking alcohol can influence aggression. To test this hypothesis, you have a group of people drink either a nonalcoholic beer or a regular beer. Regardless of what they are actually drinking, some of these people are told they are drinking nonalcoholic beer and some are told they are drinking regular beer. You later measure them on their level of aggression. You hypothesize that, regardless of which type of beer they are drinking, those who are told they are drinking regular beer will be more aggressive than those told they are drinking nonalcoholic beer.

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a. b. Factor A Factor A a a a2 by 5.00 9.00 by 3.50 1.25 Factor B 3.00 7.00 Factor B b b3 2.25 3.50 5.75 4.25 C. Factor A 32 23 4.28 4.61 4.95 Factor B b 2.30 6.87 3.14 b3 7.06 5.52 2.26