1. Johansen and Swigart describe the chaotic feeling that results from working inside an organization that is in the midst of restructuring:

Business organizations are changing, whether they want to or not.

The changes are chaotic—the experience from inside or close to a large corporation, as well as the feeling inside your stomach. The pyramids of corporate strength have flattened into a web of organizational ambiguity.

Individual employees no longer have a sturdy structure to climb. Instead, planning a career is more like crawling out on a webbing of rope, grasping for stability that comes and goes quickly.44 What can managers do to help make the experience less chaotic? Does organizational change always have to be threatening?