4. James Neal, the former vice president for Information Services and university librarian at Columbia University, wrote: “We invest enormously in the people who work in a library organization both in terms of the responsibilities we assign them and in their growth and development; yet we don’t always provide them with the authority to make decisions and carry out their assignments effectively.”36 Has there ever been a time when you felt you lacked the authority to carry out a task that was assigned to you? When managers fail to delegate the authority to accomplish a task, what is the result?