Botticelli SpA was organized in late 2019 to manufacture and sell hosiery. At the end of its fourth year of operation, the company has been fairly successful, as indicated by the following reported net incomes.

The company has decided to expand operations and has applied for a sizable bank loan. The bank officer has indicated that the records should be audited and presented in comparative statements to facilitate analysis by the bank. Botticelli hired the auditing firm of Check & Doublecheck Co. and has provided the following additional information.

1. In early 2020, Botticelli changed its estimate from 2% to 1% of receivables on the amount of bad debt expense to be charged to operations. Bad debt expense for 2019, if a 1% rate had been used, would have been €10,000. The company therefore restated its net income for 2019.

2. The auditor discovered that in 2022, the company had changed its method of inventory pricing from average-cost to FIFO. The effect on the income statements for the previous years is as follows.

3. In 2022, the auditor discovered that:

a. The company incorrectly overstated the ending inventory by €14,000 in 2021.

b. A dispute developed in 2020 with the tax authorities over the deductibility of entertainment expenses. In 2019, the company was not permitted these deductions, but a tax settlement was reached in 2022 that allowed these expenses. As a result of the court’s finding, tax expenses in 2022 were reduced by €60,000.

Instructions

a. Indicate how each of these changes or corrections should be handled in the accounting records. (Ignore income tax considerations.)

b. Present comparative net income numbers for the years 2019 to 2022. (Ignore income tax considerations.)

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2019 €140,0002 €205,000 2021 2020 160,000 2022 276,000 aIncludes a €10,000 increase because of change in bad debt expense rate.