Leader Enterprises Ltd. follows IFRS and has provided the following information:

1. In 2022, Leader was sued in a patent infringement suit, and in 2023, Leader lost the court case. Leader must now pay a competitor $50,000 to settle the suit. No previous entries had been recorded in the books related to this case because Leader’s management believed the company would win.

2. A review of the company’s provision for uncollectible accounts during 2023 resulted in a determination that 1.5% of sales is the appropriate amount of loss on impairment to be charged to operations, rather than the 2% used for the preceding two years. Loss on impairment recognized in 2022 and 2021 was $33,200 and $14,300, respectively. The company would have recorded $19,800 of loss on impairment under the old rate for 2023. No entry has yet been made in 2023 for loss on impairment.

3. Leader acquired land on January 1, 2020, at a cost of $70,000. The land was charged to the Equipment account in error and has been depreciated since then on the basis of a five-year life with no residual value, using the straight-line method. Leader has already recorded the related 2023depreciation expense using the straight-line method.

4. During 2023, the company changed from the double-declining-balance method of depreciation for its building to the straight-line method because of a change in the pattern of benefits received. The building cost $1.4 million to build in early 2021, and no residual value is expected after its 40-year life. Total depreciation under both methods for the past three years is as follows. Double-declining- balance depreciation has been recorded for 2023.

5. Late in 2023, Leader determined that a piece of specialized equipment purchased in January 2020 at a cost of $75,000 with an estimated useful life of five years and residual value of $5,000 is now expected to continue in use until the end of 2027 and have a residual value of $3,000 at that time. The company has been using straight-line depreciation for this equipment, and depreciation for 2023 has already been recognized based on the original estimates.

6. The company has determined that a $350,000 note payable that it issued in 2021 has been incorrectly classified on its statement of financial position. The note is payable in annual instalments of $50,000, but the full amount of the note has been shown as a long-term liability with no portion shown in current liabilities. Interest expense relating to the note has been properly recorded.

Instructions

a. For each of the accounting changes, errors, or transactions, present the journal entry(ies) that Leader needs to make to correct or adjust the accounts, assuming the accounts for 2023 have not yet been closed. If no entry is required, write “none” and briefly explain why. Ignore income tax considerations.

b. Prepare the entries required in part (a) but, where retrospective adjustments are made, adjust the entry to include taxes at 25%.

c. For each of the accounting changes, identify the type of change involved and whether retrospective or prospective treatment is required.

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2021 2022 2023 Straight-Line $35,000 35,000 35,000 Double-Declining-Balance $70,000 66,500 63,175