In managing changes in a business process, organisations will often consult lower- level staff for ideas about improvements. This is done because:

(a) lower-level employees need to have the perception they are involved in the change.

(b) lower-level employees perform most of the process and possess valuable knowl- edge about its operation.

(c) top-level management fears union reprisals if it does not consult lower-level staff.

(d) lower-level employees can be useful in managing the change process.