An instructor wanted to investigate whether there was an association between height (inches) and hand span (cm). She collected data from 10 students and aft er analyzing the data found the p-value to be 0.022. For each of the following statements, indicate whether or not the statement is valid or invalid.
a. The p-value says that there is a 2.20% probability that there is no association between height and hand span.

b. The p-value says that there is a 2.20% probability that there is an association between height and hand span.
c. If there were no association between height and hand span, the probability of observing the association observed in the sample data of 10 students is 0.022.

d. If there were no association between height and hand span, the probability of observing the association observed in the sample data or an even stronger association in a sample of 10 students is 0.022.

e. If there were an association between height and hand span, the probability of observing the association observed in the sample data or an even stronger association in a sample of 10 students is 0.022.