Recall the data from the Physicians’ Health Study: Of the 11,034 physicians who took the placebo, 138 developed ulcers during the study. Of the 11,037 physicians who took aspirin, 169 developed ulcers.

a. Calculate the observed value of the relative risk of ulcers comparing physicians who took aspirin daily to those who took the placebo daily.
b. Suppose that you were to calculate a 95% confidence interval for the long-run relative risk of developing ulcers comparing aspirin-taking men (like those in the study) to non aspirin-taking men. Will the number 1 lie within this interval? Explain your reasoning.