For flow in circular tubes, transition to turbulence usually occurs around \(R e \approx 2300\). Investigate the circumstances under which the flows of

(a) standard air and

(b) water at \(15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) become turbulent. On \(\log -\log\) graphs, plot: the average velocity, the volume flow rate, and the mass flow rate at which turbulence first occurs as functions of tube diameter.