Heavy crude oil ( (mathrm{SG}=0.925) and (u=1.0 times 10^{-4} mathrm{~m}^{2} / mathrm{s}) ) is pumped through a
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Heavy crude oil ( \(\mathrm{SG}=0.925\) and \(u=1.0 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{s}\) ) is pumped through a pipeline laid on flat ground. The line is made from steel pipe with \(600 \mathrm{~mm}\) ID and has a wall thickness of \(12 \mathrm{~mm}\). The allowable tensile stress in the pipe wall is limited to \(275 \mathrm{MPa}\) by corrosion considerations. It is important to keep the oil under pressure to ensure that gases remain in solution. The minimum recommended pressure is \(500 \mathrm{kPa}\). The pipeline carries a flow of 400,000 barrels (in the petroleum industry, a "barrel" is 42 gal) per day. Determine the maximum spacing between pumping stations. Compute the power added to the oil at each pumping station.
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