Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:

The impulse to share does not come naturally to one who is thinking about money. Psychologists found that subconscious reminders of money prompted people to become more independent in their work, and less likely to seek help from others or to provide it. In one experiment 52 undergraduates unscrambled sets of jumbled phrases; one group untangled phrases that were often about money, like “high salary paying,” while another solved word puzzles that did not refer to money. Researchers then had the students work on a difficult abstract puzzle and offered to give help if they wanted it. Those who had been thinking about money worked on the problem by themselves an average of more than 70 percent longer than the others. Students “primed” to have money on their minds, while clearly self-reliant, were less likely than peers who had not been so primed to lend assistance, twice as slow to help another confused student, and about twice as stingy when asked to donate money to help needy students.
—Kathleen Vohs, Nicole Mead, and Miranda Goode,
“The Psychological Consequences of Money,”
Science, 17 November 2006