a. Show that another expression for the chi-squared statistic is Why is it more efficient to compute

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a. Show that another expression for the chi-squared statistic is Why is it more efficient to compute x2 using this formula?

b. When the null hypothesis is

(i.e., for all i), how does the formula of part

(a) simplify? Use the simplified expression to calculate x2 for the pigeon/direction data in Exercise 4.

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