It has been estimated that between 1945 and 1971, as many as 2 million children were born to mothers treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), a nonsteroidal estrogen recommended for pregnancy maintenance. The FDA banned this drug in 1971 because research indicated a link with the incidence of cervical cancer. The article “Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and Spatial Ability in Human Males” (Hormones and Behavior, 1992: 62–75) discussed a study in which 10 males exposed to DES, and their unexposed brothers, underwent various tests. This is the summary data on the results of a spatial ability test:

(exposed), , and standard error of mean difference .5. Test at level .05 to see whether exposure is associated with reduced spatial ability by obtaining the P-value.