The paper “Quantitative Assessment of Glenohumeral Translation in Baseball Players” (The Amer. J. of Sports Med., 2004: 1711–1715) considered various aspects of shoulder motion for a sample of pitchers and another sample of position players [glenohumeral refers to the articulation between the humerus (ball) and the glenoid (socket)]. The authors kindly supplied the following data on anteroposterior translation

(mm), a measure of the extent of anterior and posterior motion, both for the dominant arm and the nondominant arm.

a. Estimate the true average difference in translation between dominant and nondominant arms for pitchers in a way that conveys information about reliability and precision, and interpret the resulting estimate.

b. Repeat

(a) for position players.

c. The authors asserted that “pitchers have greater difference in side-to-side anteroposterior translation of their shoulders compared with position players.” Do you agree? Explain.