4.4 Recall the rechargeable battery of Example 4.3. The fact that the output voltage may be too small to be useful was left unconsidered. This issue can be handled in different ways.

(a) Consider the left diagram in Figure 4.14, where the voltage decreases over time. Set up a P diagram with the voltage as the response and the time as a noise factor. What levels of the noise factor ‘time’ are appropriate?

(b) Consider the right diagram in Figure 4.14. If it is possible to control the power from the battery in the experimentation, the way to distribute the power over time may be a noise factor. The energy from the battery should be robust against how the power is distributed and it should be possible to take out a high power during a short time or a lower power during a long time. Set up a P diagram with this power distribution as noise.

(c) Are there any other alternatives for P diagrams for the rechargeable battery?

(d) Discuss the various P diagrams for the rechargeable battery!

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Voltage U 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Desired Undesired 5 Time t 10 Power UI 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Noise level-1 Noise level 1 5 10 Time t Figure 4.14 For a rechargeable battery, the issue is not just that the energy taken out should be as high as possible, the voltage must also be high enough to make the energy useful (Exercise 4.4).