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introduction to statistical investigations

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Statistical Investigations

When test scores are highly correlated with an independent criterion known to be measuring the same underlying construct, then the test can be said to be high in ________.
When the test is found in fact to be measuring what it was designed to measure, we can say that the test is high in ________.
When the observed score is made up of a high percentage of true score and a low percentage of error score, we can say that the test is high in ________.
The correlation between the scores on the test with some independent measure of future performance is attempting to establish ________.
The correlation between the scores on one-half of the test with scores on the other half of the test is attempting to establish ________.
The correlation between scores on the test and scores on another, already standardized test is attempting to establish ________.
The correlation between scores on the test and scores on an alternate form of the same test is attempting to establish ________.
The correlation between scores on the test and scores on the retest is attempting to establish ________.
The use of the Spearman–Brown following a split-half correlation will never lower the reliability estimate of the whole test. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
If the correlation between the two halves of a given test proves to be significant, then that value can be used in the Spearman–Brown for estimating total reliability. True or False. Indicate
In general, reliability values tend to be higher than validity values. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
If a test is proved to be reliable, it must necessarily be valid. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
The reliability of any test depends on the value of the correlation, regardless of whether the correlation is significant. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
In general, increasing the number of test items typically increases the test’s reliability. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
The standard error of measurement is related to reliability such that the higher the value of the standard error of measurement, the lower the resulting reliability value. True or False. Indicate
The Spearman rs must be used instead of the Pearson r when trying to establish the validity of a test where the independent criterion is made up of ordinal data. True or False. Indicate either T or F
The Kuder–Richardson technique (K–R 21) is used to determine internal-consistency reliability. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
The Spearman–Brown prophecy formula must always be used when assessing reliability via the test-retest technique. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 23 through 32.
A test for predicting success as a police officer had a validity coefficient of .65 (b).A new test (a) designed for the same construct had a coefficient of .60.The two tests, a andb, correlated with
An established test (b) has a predictive validity of .60 for inmate recidivism. A set of new items (a) is correlated with recidivism and had a correlation of .55. The two tests, a andb, correlated at
A new test, designed to test hyperactivity among K through fourth-grade males, was developed and you, as the statistical consultant, have been asked to assess its reliability.The test is composed of
Atesting specialist has created a four-item test for CD (conduct disorder) and given it to a random sample of five male subjects. The test was scored only on the basis of whether the test-taker
The reliability of a certain test has been found to be .85, whereas the reliability of the criterion is .60. What is the highest possible validity value for this test?
The reliability of a certain test has been found to be .90, whereas the reliability of the criterion is .70. What is the highest possible validity value for this test?
A new test of creativity is being standardized, and it has been found to have a mean of 35.37 and an SD of 5.09. The test is composed of 50 items. Find its K–R 21 internalconsistency reliability.
Anew intelligence test is being standardized, and it has been found to have a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. The test is composed of 150 items. Find its K–R 21 internalconsistency reliability.
A certain test has been found to have an SD of 5.00 and a standard error of measurement of 3.00. Using the Rulon formula, find the rtt (reliability value) for the test.
The standard error of measurement on a certain test has been found to be 15.03, with an SD of 50.00. Using the Rulon formula, find the rtt (reliability value) for the test.
Using the new standard error of measurement of problem 11, find the .95 confidence interval for the SAT verbal scores ofa. 300b. 500c. 550d. 650
Assume that for the SAT question shown in problem 9 the test-retest reliability had only been .80; find the new standard error of measurement.
If the researcher had interval data from a between-subjects design, with three sets of scores, and discovered that the scores from each group were badly skewed, then the appropriate statistical test
If the researcher had interval data from a repeated-measures design, with three sets of scores, and discovered that the scores from each measure were badly skewed, then the appropriate statistical
The ordinal equivalent of the two-sample independent t test is the __________ .Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
The ordinal equivalent of the one-way ANOVAis the __________ .Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
The ordinal equivalent of the Pearson r is the __________ .Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
The ordinal equivalent of the within-subjects ANOVAis the __________ .Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
A less powerful statistical test is one in which it is less likely that the __________ hypothesis will be rejected.Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
The ordinal equivalent of the paired t test is the __________ .Fill in the blanks in problems 20 through 27.
Nonparametric tests can never be used on interval data, no matter what the shape of the underlying distribution. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 15 through 19.
The larger the numerical value of the Wilcoxon T, the higher is the likelihood of achieving significance.True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 15 through 19.
With equal sample sizes, nonparametric tests are just as powerful as parametric tests.True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 15 through 19.
The ordinal tests of significance can be used on skewed interval data.True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 15 through 19.
The Mann–Whitney U test is less powerful than the independent t test.True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 15 through 19.
Data: ordinal Design: three groups, between-subjects For the research situations described in problems 11 through 14, indicate which statistical test would be most appropriate.
Data: skewed interval Design: four groups of matched-subjects For the research situations described in problems 11 through 14, indicate which statistical test would be most appropriate.
Data: skewed, interval Design: one group, repeated-measures For the research situations described in problems 11 through 14, indicate which statistical test would be most appropriate.
Data: ordinal Design: two groups, between-subjects For the research situations described in problems 11 through 14, indicate which statistical test would be most appropriate.
Effect size may only be applied to the paired t when the t ratio has been shown to be significant.
Effect size may only be applied to the within-subjects F ratio when the F has been shown to be significant.
The Tukey test may only be applied to the within-subjects F ratio when the F has been shown to be significant.
The Type 2 error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been.
Statistical tests that use interval data are inherently more powerful than are those that utilize ordinal or nominal data.
The paired t ratio may never be used for making population inferences.
The more powerful a test is, the greater the possibility of detecting differences when there really are differences in the population.
The higher a test’s power, the less likely one is of committing the beta error.
For both t and F, whether from correlated or independent designs, the more subjects being tested, the greater is the number of degrees of freedom.
The more degrees of freedom a given t ratio has, the higher the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
The paired t may test only the hypothesis of association, whereas the independent t may test the hypothesis of difference as well.
The paired t has as its ultimate goal the detection of differences between two sets of interval measures when the data sets are correlated.
For equal numbers of scores, the paired t has more degrees of freedom than does the independent t.
The paired t and the within-subjects F should be used only when the data are in the form of at least (interval, ordinal, or nominal) ________ measures.
When all its assumptions are met, the paired t is (more able or less able) ________ than the independent t to reject null when only a small difference exists between the sample means.
In matched-subjects designs, the subjects should be equated on some variable(s) that is (are) related to the (dependent or independent) ________ variable.
The fact that the paired t has fewer degrees of freedom than does its independent counterpart, and that fact alone, has what effect on the probability of achieving significance?
Awithin-subjects F ratio performed on data from a matched-subjects design results in a (higher or lower) F ratio than would be obtained by an independent, one-way ANOVAperformed on the same data.
When calculating the paired t ratio, what effect does a substantial correlation have on the size of the resulting t ratio?
State how the degrees of freedom compare between the independent and paired t ratios.
When calculating the paired t ratio, what effect does a substantial correlation have on the size of the estimated standard error of difference?
Of the three basic experimental designs, the between-subjects, the repeated-measures, or the matched-subjects, on which type or types can the paired t be used?
For a given difference between the means and equal numbers of scores, which test, the paired t or the independent t, has more statistical power? (For this question, assume that for both tests all
What conclusions might you draw from the results you found for the study in problem 8?
If X correlates .90 with Y, then Y must also correlate .90 with X.
If X correlates significantly with Y, then X is probably the cause of Y.
No correlation is ever greater than or less than .
Acorrelation of must be significant, regardless of the degrees of freedom.
For the Pearson r, degrees of freedom are assigned on the basis of the number of pairs of scores minus the constant 2.
The more a correlation deviates from zero, the better is its predictive accuracy.
The higher the correlation, the more a predicted Y value may deviate from the mean of the Y distribution.
In the regression equation, what term denotes the point where the regression line crosses the ordinate? _______
When all the points on a scatter plot lie directly on the regression line, then the value of the correlation must be _______.
When the regression line slopes from upper left to lower right, then the sign of the correlation must be_______.
Each single data point on a scatter plot represents_______.
If the regression line has a slope of .50, then each single unit increase in X will be accompanied by how much of an increase in Y? _______
When the correlation between X and Y is zero, what is the best prediction of a Y score that can be made from a given X score? _______
The correlation between a criterion variable and several predictor variables Indicate what term or concept is being defined in problems 29 through 33.
The resulting correlation between two variables when the effects of a third variable have been statistically ruled out Indicate what term or concept is being defined in problems 29 through 33.
The value of Y when X equals zero Indicate what term or concept is being defined in problems 29 through 33.
The single straight line that lies closest to all the points on a scatter plot Indicate what term or concept is being defined in problems 29 through 33.
The amount of increase in Y that accompanies a given increase in X Indicate what term or concept is being defined in problems 29 through 33.
Assume a sample size of 33 subjects and a multiple R (based on two predictors and a single Y criterion) of .40. Is the R significant?
Assume a sample size of 18 subjects and a multiple R (based on two predictors and a single Y criterion) of .58. Is the R significant?
Using the partial correlation between reading speed and SAT found in problem 25, and assuming a sample of 18 children, test for significance.
The correlation between reading speed and SAT scores is .60. The correlation between reading speed and IQ is .62. The correlation between IQ and SAT scores is .58. Find the correlation between
For problem 23, assume a sample size of 63 and test the partial correlation between height and strength for significance.
Among elementary school children, the correlation between height and strength is a significant .65. The correlation between height and age is a significant .82. The correlation between strength and
Assume a significant correlation of .50, an estimated standard deviation on the Y variable of 15 and a sample size of 100. Find the standard error of estimate.
Using the value of the multiple R found in problem 18, predict the IQ of a child whose father’s IQ is known to be 115 and whose mother’s IQ is known to be 120. For all three distributions
Assuming a sample size of 13 persons, is the multiple correlation found in problem 18 still significant?
Assuming a sample size of 63 persons, is the multiple correlation found in problem 18 significant?
The correlation between the IQs of fathers and their children is a significant .45. The correlation between the IQs of mothers and their children is a significant .55. The IQ correlation between

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