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introduction to statistical investigations

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Statistical Investigations

Aresearcher is interested in the possible intercorrelations among three of the subtest scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Arandom sample of 10 inmates from a Federal Prison were
Assume that the correlation between income and GPA was found to be a significant.80. Income and IQ correlated at .70. IQ and GPAcorrelated at .75. Find the correlation between income and GPA, with IQ
For problem 14, assume a sample size of 103 and test the partial correlation between height and chest size for significance.
Alarge sample of adult males is selected and the following Pearson r correlations were obtained. The correlation between height and weight was .60, the correlation between weight and chest size was
For problem 12 and assuming a sample size of 73, test the significance of the multiple R for predicting blood cholesterol levels.
Assume that a large sample of adult females was selected and that the following Pearson r correlations were obtained. The correlation between weight and blood cholesterol levels was .75. The
a. Using the data from the previous problem, find the multiple R for predicting anger on the basis of both alcohol abuse and drug abuse. Is it significant?b. If significant, find a person’s anger
Arandom sample of 10 inmates from the county correctional center was selected and given three tests: (1) a test of the range and intensity of a person’s anger; (2) a test of alcohol abuse and
For each of the height predictions in problem 8, assume a sample size of 30 and find the .95 confidence intervals.
Of the men’s varsity football players in the mid-America conference, there is a significant correlation between height and weight of .75. The mean height is 73 inches with an estimated standard
The correlation between height and IQ among the students at a certain eastern women’s college is zero. The mean IQ at the college is 125 with an estimated standard deviation of 8.20. The mean
A study conducted at the University of Munster in Germany found that shorter men(but not women) had higher diastolic blood pressures than did taller men. Suggested explanations included the fact that
Using the data from the previous problem, finda. the multiple R for predicting Total IQ on the basis of both Digit Span and Block Design.b. Is it significant?
Aresearcher using the WAIS IV IQ test collects the following data on a random sample of seven college students and compares two of the subtest scores, Digit Span and Block Design, with their total IQ
A researcher is interested in the possible relationship between two of the subtests on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). A random sample of eight Army recruits is selected; they are given
Arandom sample of factory workers is selected. Each worker is given an IQ test and also a factual “Current Events” test. The mean IQ for the group is 110 with an estimated standard deviation of
The correlation between IQ and the verbal SAT score among the seniors at West High School is .90; it is significant. The mean IQ is 100 with an estimated standard deviation of 10. The mean SAT score
To test for “goodness of fit,” a 1 * k chi square may be performed.
Chi square is a nonparametric statistical test.
An a priori hypothesis always states that the frequency expected must be the same in every cell.
Chi square can be used only if the frequency expected value of all cell entries is at least 5.
Chi square may be used only with nominal data.
For which experimental design(s) is the McNemar test an appropriate analysis of nominal data?
Under what condition(s) should the Yates correction be used?
How is the null hypothesis for the chi square test stated?
When data are in the form of frequencies of occurrence within mutually exclusive categories, which scale of measurement is being used?
When the obtained value of F is larger than the table value of F for a given number of degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems
To do a factorial ANOVA, there must be a minimum of at least four different treatment conditions. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
On a factorial ANOVA, the interaction effect will always be significant if the main effects are themselves significant. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
The use of the factorial ANOVA is required whenever there is more than one independent variable and the data are in interval form. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
An F ratio of 5.00 indicates that the variance between groups is five times greater than the variance within groups. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
ANOVAassumes that the data are at least interval. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
On a four-group design, the between degrees of freedom for a one-way ANOVAmust equal 4. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
ANOVAdemands that at least four sample groups must be compared. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
The F ratio is a nondirectional, two-tail test of differences among sample groups used whenever the data are in interval form. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 29.
The greater the spread among the various sample means, the larger is the ________(between or within) variability.
A five-group research design with six subjects in each group has ________ between degrees of freedom and ________ within degrees of freedom.
If the within-group variability is small, then the separate sample groups are most likely to have ________ (platykurtic or leptokurtic) distributions.
When an ANOVA results in the rejection of the null hypothesis, then the ________ variability must be larger than the ________ variability.
The total sum of squares is made up of two major components, the ________ and the ________.
The variance, or mean square, results from dividing the sum of squares by ________.
When a calculated F ratio has a large value, it indicates that the variability between groups is ________ (larger or smaller) than the variability within groups.
Within-group variability results from the accumulated differences between each individual score and ________.
Between-group variability results from the accumulated differences between each sample mean and ________.
Total variability results from the accumulated differences between each individual score and ________.
When comparing correlations from two separate and unmatched samples (other things being equal), the larger the sample sizes, the higher the likelihood of finding a significant difference.
For the following, try to figure out the most likely sign of the correlation (either positive or negative).a. The amount of media news coverage of crime and the public’s fear of crime.b. The higher
The Pearson r assumes that the association between X and Y is always curvilinear. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
To use the Pearson r, both sets of paired scores must be composed of at least interval data. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
If the range of either set of sample scores is in any way restricted, the Pearson r will overestimate the degree of correlation. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
If sample sizes are equal, the Pearson r and the rS predict with exactly the same degree of accuracy. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
APearson r of .90 means that the percentage of information about Y contained in X is roughly 81%. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
The higher the Pearson r, the higher is the coefficient of determination. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
Whenever a correlation is significant, the possibility of a cause-and-effect relationship is totally ruled out. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
The higher the correlation between X and Y, the more information about Y is contained in X. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
Negative correlations, even when significant, never predict better than chance. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
Significant correlations always predict better than chance. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21 through 31.
If the correlation between X and Y is high and the correlation between X and Z is high, then the correlation between Y and Z must be high. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 21
When possible (that is, all of its requirements are met), why should a researcher choose the Pearson r over the rS?
When the data are in interval form, but the distribution is known to be heavily skewed, which correlation coefficient should be used?
When the data are in ordinal form, which correlation coefficient should be used?
When the data are in interval form and the distributions are normal, which correlation coefficient should be used?
Why does the array of points in a scatter plot usually form an oval shape?
The correlation between state spending on education and the IQs of its schoolchildren is .70.a. Does this mean that increased state spending on education leads to an increase in the IQs of the
When the array of data points in a scatter plot slopes from lower left to upper right, is the correlation indicating a positive sign or is it indicating a negative sign?
A researcher has computed two significant Pearson r values from independent random samples, and the correlations are the same as those shown in problem 12.Sample A produced an r of .77 and Sample B,
A researcher has computed two significant Pearson r values from independent random samples. Sample A, 20 subjects, produced an r of .77, and Sample B, 22 subjects, produced an r of .51. Do the two
If null is accepted when it should have been rejected, the Type 2 error has been committed. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
Reducing the alpha level from .05 to .01 increases the power of a statistical test. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
The alternative hypothesis for the t test always specifies the direction of the difference. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
The mean of the distribution of differences becomes zero only when all pairs of samples represent a single population. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
Alpha level becomes zero only when both samples reflect different populations. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
The effect size may only be calculated when H0 has been rejected. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
When the two sample means differ, no matter by how much, we always reject H0. True or False. Indicate either T or F for problems 24 through 30.
m1 ≠ m2.
The two samples represent a single population.
m1 = m2.
The probability of committing the Type 1 error, or of being wrong when the null hypothesis is rejected. Indicate what term is being defined by each of problems 19 through 23.
An estimate of the standard deviation of the entire distribution of differences. Indicate what term is being defined by each of problems 19 through 23.
The standard error of difference is literally the standard deviation of which important sampling distribution?
The t ratio tells us by how much the difference between the sample means deviates from a mean difference of zero in units of what?
Does setting alpha at .01, rather than at .05, increase or decrease the likelihood of rejecting H0?
To calculate a t ratio, the data must come from which scale of measurement?
When all pairs of samples come from a single population, the mean of the distribution of differences assumes what numerical value?
With extremely small samples, does the opportunity for rejecting H0 become more or less likely?
A forensic theorist suggests that phallometry (the measurement of penis erection)can distinguish between a group of male child molesters and men who have not committed sexual offenses against
To assess the chances of violent sexual offenders reoffending, many researchers use the Sexual Offender Risk Assessment Guide (SOROG) (Quincey et al., 1998). Two groups of violent offenders were
A researcher is interested in discovering whether a record of past violence could be used to predict differences on the scores obtained on the LSI (Level of Service Index)among a presentenced group
Aresearcher is interested in whether a difference can occur between scores on one of the Maryland Addiction Questionnaire (MAQ) subtests, namely the Motivation for Continued Treatment (MOT) among
Agroup of freshman football players was told that they had to bulk up in order to have any chance of playing on the varsity the following year. The group was randomly divided into two groups, and for
Agroup of 20 obese adult males was selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 subjects each. In Group A, the experimental group, the men were involved in a vigorous, 20-minute-per-day
Is there a sentencing difference for the same crime as a function of gender? Agroup of men and women, all having committed the same crime, were compared on the length of sentence handed down by a
A random sample of 122 delinquent boys was selected and randomly divided into two groups. The researcher was interested in discovering whether a six-week, nondirective, individual therapy program
Aresearcher is interested in whether a certain hour-long film that portrays the insidious effects of racial prejudice will affect attitudes toward a minority group. Two groups of 31 subjects each
Hypothesis: Increasing illumination increases speed of productivity among piecework employees. Two groups are randomly selected from among the piecework employees at the Hawthorne Electric Company.
A study conducted at a large university was aimed at discovering whether the personality traits influenced choice of college major. Arandom sample of psychology majors from the university’s College
A researcher wants to determine if there is a significant difference between the Picture Arrangement scores (a subtest of the WAIS IV that some feel may tap right-brain processing powers) between
In one county correctional facility, it was found that of the 3500 inmates released three years previously, a total of 1500 had recidivated, whereas 2000 had not.
Central High School publishes the names and SAT scores for the students selected as National Merit Scholars.
The Boston Marathon Committee announces individual names with their order of finish for the first 300 runners to cross the finish line.

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