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introduction to statistical investigations

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Statistical Investigations

2.1. Explain the difference between(a) Discrete and continuous variables(b) Categorical and quantitative variables(c) Nominal and ordinal variables Why do these distinctions matter for statistical
1.19. Check whether you have access to JSTOR (Journal Storage) at your school by visiting www.jstor.org. If so, click on Browse and then Sociology or another discipline of interest to you. Select a
1.18. Go to the Web site for the Gallup poll, www.galluppoll.com. From information listed on or linked from the homepage, give an example of a (a) descriptive statistical analysis, (b) inferential
1.17. In a recent survey by Eurobarometer of Europeans about energy issues and global warming. one ques- tion asked, "Would you be willing to pay more for energy produced from renewable sources than
1.16. A sociologist wants to estimate the average age at marriage for women in New England in the early eighteenth century. She finds within her state. archives marriage records for a large Puritan
1.15. You have data for a population, from a census. Explain why descriptive statistics are helpful but inferential statistics are not needed.
1.14. Illustrating with an example, explain the difference between (a) a statistic and a parameter. (b) description and inference as two purposes for using statistical methods.
4.11 Software for robust statistics was developed by A. Marazzi (1992). The program library ROBETH has been interfaced to the statistical environments S-Plus and R (package robeth).
4.10 Consider the stackloss dataset from Example 4.4. Assuming that the variable stack.loss depends only on the variable Acid.Conc., apply the methods used in Example 4.4 and compare the estimates
4.8 Apply the described methods on the “salinity” dataset consisting of measurements of water salinity (salt concentration, lagged salinity, trend) and river discharge taken in North Carolina.
4.4 The restricted M-estimator is a solution either of minimization (4.25) or of minimization (4.28) under the linear constraint A = c (4.78)where A is a q × p matrix of full rank and c 2 Rp. The
4.2 The L1-estimator and any other M-estimator of in model (4.1) has the breakdown point 1 n.
4.1 The number of distinct solutions of the linear program (4.56), as runs from 0 to 1, is of order Op(n · ln n). In the location model, when X = 1n, the number of distinct values is exactly 1
3.74. In a study of graduate students who took the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), the Educational Testing Service reported that for the quantitative exam, U.S. citizens had a mean of 529 and standard
3.73. The 2004 GSS asked whether having sex before marriage is (always wrong, almost always wrong, wrong only sometimes, not wrong at all). The response counts in these four categories were (238, 79,
3.72. In Canada, based on the 2001 census, for the categories (Catholic, Protestant, Other Christian, Muslim, Jewish, None, Other) for religious affil- iation, the relative frequencies were (42 %, 28
3.71. Answer true or false to the following: (a) The mean, median, and mode can never all be the same. (b) The mean is always one of the data points. (e) The median is the same as the second quartile
3.70. To measure variability, why is (a) The standard deviations usually preferred over the range? (b) The IQR sometimes preferred to s?
3.69. To measure center, why is the (a) median sometimes preferred over the mean? (b) Mean sometimes preferred over the median? In each case, give an example to illustrate your answer.
3.68. Give an example of a variable having a distribution that you expect to be (a) approximately symmetric, (b) skewed to the right,
3.67. Give an example of a variable for which the mode applies, but not the mean or median.
3.66. According to a report from the U.S. National Cen- ter for Health Statistics, for males age 25-34 years, 2% of their heights are 64 inches or less, 8% are 66 inches or less, 27% are 68 inches or
3.64. A U.S. Federal Reserve study in 2000 indi- cated that for those families with annual incomes above $100,000, their median net worth was about $500,000 both in 1995 and in 1998, but their mean
3.63. In 2001, the U.S. Federal Reserve sampled about 4000 households to estimate overall net worth of a family. The Reserve reported the summaries. $86,100 and $395,500. One of these was the mean,
3.62. The incomes of players on the New York Yankees baseball team in 2006 can be summarized by the numbers $2,925,000 and $7,095,078. One of these was the median and one was the mean. Which value do
3.61. Exercise 3.21 introduced the Human Development Index (HDI). Go to hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/ and get the latest HDI ratings for Sub-Saharan African nations and separately for Westernized?
3.60. Refer to the previous exercise. The data are avail- able in the "Zagat data" file at the text Web site. For the 83 restaurants listed in London, the qual- ity of food rating has a correlation
3.59. Zagat restaurant guides publish ratings of restau- rants for many large cities around the world (see www.zagat.com). The review for each restaurant gives a verbal summary as well as a
3.58. Refer to Exercise 3.6. Pose a research question relating to the correlation between public expen- diture on health and the number of physicians per 100,000 people. Using software, analyze data
3.57. For the "2005 statewide crime" dataset at the text Web site, consider violent crime rate and percent- age with income below the poverty level. Pose a research question for these variables
3.56. Table 3.17 shows annual gun death rates (includ- ing homicide, suicide, and accidental deaths) per ?
3.55. Refer to the data file your class created for Exercise 1.12 (page 9). For variables chosen by your instruc- tor, conduct descriptive statistical analyses. In your report, give an example of a
3.54. For the "Student survey" data file at the text Web site (see Exercise 1.11 on page 8), use software to conduct graphical and numerical summaries for (a) distance from home town, (b) weekly
3.53. What is the difference between the descriptive measures symbolized by (a) y anda? (b) and a?
3.52. Refer to the previous exercise. The correlation with carbon dioxide emissions is 0.03 for female economic activity and -0.52 with number of physi- cians. Which variable is more strongly
3.51. For the data for OECD nations in Table 3.11 in Exercise 3.6, use software to construct a scatter- plot relating y carbon dioxide emissions and x - GDP. (a) Based on this plot, would you expect
3.50. Refer to the previous excrcise. A prediction equa tion relating fertility and percentage of people using contraceptive methods is: Predicted fertility = 6.6 -0.065 (contraceptive use) and the
3.49. For recent United Nations data for several nations, a prediction equation relating fertility (the mean number of children per adult woman) and percent- age of people using the Internet is
3.48. Table 3.16 shows reported happiness for those subjects in the 2004 GSS who said that they attend religious services rarely or frequently (variables ATTEND and HAPPY). (a) Identify the response
3.47. A study compares Democrats and Republicans on their opinions about national health insurance (favor or oppose). (a) Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable. (b) Explain how
3.46. The United Nations publication Energy Statis- tics Yearbook (unstats.un.org/unsd/energy) lists consumption of energy. For the 25 nations that (a) Italy had a value of 4222. How many standard
3.45. According to values from the Human Develop ment Report, published by the United Nations (hdr.undp.org), carbon dioxide emissions in 2005 for the 25 nations in the European Union (EU) as of 2005
3.44. A report by the OECD indicated that annual water consumption for nations in the OECD (see Exercise 3.6) was skewed to the right, with values (in cubic meters per capita) having a median of
3.43. Using software, analyze the murder rates from the "2005 statewide crime" data file at the text website. (a) Using the data set without D.C., find the five-number summary. (b) Construct a box
3.42. High school graduation rates in the U.S. in 2004 had a minimum of 78.3 (Texas), lower quartile of 83.6, median of 87.2, upper quartile of 88.8, and maximum of 92.3 (Minnesota) (Statistical
3.41. In 2004, the five-number summary for the statewide percentage of people without health insurance had a minimum of 8.9% (Minnesota), Q1 11.6, Med 14.2, Q3 = 17.0, and maximum of 25.0% (Texas)
3.40. Infant mortality rates (number of infant deaths, per 1000 live births) are reported by the UN. In their 2006 report, the values for Africa had a five-number summary of?
3.39. For the student survey data on number of times a week reading a newspaper, referred to in Exer- cise 1.11, Figure 3.20 shows a computer printout of the stem-and-leaf plot and the box plot. (a)
3.38. The January 2007 unemployment rates of the 27 countries in the European Union ranged from 3.2 (Denmark) to 12.6 (Poland), with lower quartile 5.0, median 6.7, upper quartile = 7.9, mean 6.7,
3.37. For parts (a), (b), and (f) of the previous exercise, sketch box plots that would be plausible for the variable.
3.36. For each of the following variables, indicate whether you would expect its relative frequency histogram to be bell shaped, U shaped, skewed to the right, or skewed to the left. (a) Exam score
3.35. For each of the following, sketch what you expect a histogram to look like, and explain whether the mean or the median would be greater. (a) The selling price of new homes in 2008 (b) The
3.34. During a recent semester at the University of Florida, computer usage of students having accounts on a mainframe computer was summa- rized by a mean of 1921 and a standard deviation of 11,495
3.33. Table 3.15 shows part of a computer printout for analyzing the murder rates (per 100,000) in the "2005 statewide crime" data file at the text Web site. The first column refers to the entire
3.32. Refer to the previous exercise. (a) Sketch a box plot. (b) Based on (a), predict the direction of skew for this distribution. Explain. (c) If the distribution, although skewed, is approx-
3.31. According to Statistical Abstract of the United States 2006, mean salary (in dollars) of secondary school teachers in 2004 in the United States varied among states with a five-number summary of
3.30. Residential water consumption (in thousands of gallons) in Gainesville, Florida in 2006 had a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 119. What shape do you expect this distribution to have? Why?
3.29. For all homes in Gainesville, Florida, the residen- tial electrical consumption? for the year 2006 had. a mean of 10,449 and a standard deviation of 7489?
3.28. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. nationwide median selling price of homes sold in 2005 was $184,100. Which of the following is the most plausible value for the standard deviation:
3.27. Grade point averages of graduating seniors at the University of Rochester must fall between 2.0 and 4.0. Consider the possible standard deviation val- ues: -10.0, 0.0, 0.4, 1.5, 6.0. (a) Which
3.25. For GSS data on "the number of people you know who have committed suicide," 88.8% of the responses were 0, 8.8 % were 1, and the other responses took higher values. The mean equals 0.145, and
3.24. Excluding the U.S., the national mean number of holiday and vacation days in a year for OECD nations (see Exercise 3.6) is approximately bell shaped with a mean of 35 days and standard devi-
3.23. A report indicates that teacher's annual salaries in Ontario have a mean of $50,000 and standard deviation of $10,000 (Canadian dollars). Suppose the distribution has approximately a bell
3.22. The Human Development Report 2006, published by the United Nations (UN), showed life expectan- cies by country. For Western Europe, the values reported were Denmark 77, Portugal 77, Netherlands
3.21. The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index the United Nations uses to give a summary rating for each nation based on life expectancy at birth, educational attainment, and income. In 2006,
3.20. National Geographic Traveler magazine recently presented data on the annual number of vacation days averaged by residents of eight different coun- tries. They reported 42 days for Italy, 37 for
3.19. As of October 2006, an article in wikipedia.org on "Minimum wage" reported (in U.S. dollars) the minimum wage per hour for five nations: $10.00 in Australia, $10.25 in New Zealand, $10.46 in
3.18. The GSS has asked, "During the past 12 months, how many people have you known personally that were victims of homicide." Table 3.14 shows a printout from analyzing responses. (a) Is the
3.17. In 2003 in the United States, the median family income was $55,800 for white families, $34,400 for black families, and $34,300 for Hispanic families (Statistical Abstract of the United States,
3.16. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, the median earnings in the past 12 months was $32,168 for females and $41,965 for males, whereas the mean was $39,890
3.15. The 2004 GSS asked respondents "How often do you read the newspaper?" The possible responses were (every day, a few times a week, once a week, less than once a week, never), and the counts in
3.14. Table 3.13 summarizes responses of 2333 subjects in the 2006 General Social Survey to the question, "About how often did you have sex during the last 12 months?" (a) Report the median and the
3.13. According to Statistics Canada, in 2000 household income in Canada had median $46,752 and mean $71,600. What would you predict about the shape of the distribution? Why?
3.12. Table 3.12 shows 2003 female economic activity (number of women in labor force per 100 men in labor force), for countries in Western Europe. Con- struct a back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot of
3.11. Access the GSS at sda.berkeley.edu/GSS. Entering TVHOURS for the variable and year(2006) in the selection filter, you obtain data on hours per day of TV watching in the U.S. in 2006. (a)
3.10. A researcher in an alcoholism treatment center, to study the length of stay in the center for first-time patients, randomly selects ten records of individu- als institutionalized within the
3.9. A Roper organization survey asked, "How far have environmental protection laws and regula- tions gone?" For the possible responses not far enough, about right, and too far, the percentages of
3.8. Global warming seems largely a result of human activity that produces carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases. The Human Develop ment Report 2005, published by the United Nations
3.7. Recently, the statewide number of abortions per 1000 women 15 to 41 years of age, for states in the Pacific region of the United States, were: Washing- ton, 26; Oregon, 17; California, 236;
3.6. The OECD (Organization for Economic Coop- eration and Development) consists of advanced, industrialized countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market
3.5. Copy the "2005 statewide crime" data file from the text Web site (www.stat.ufl.edu/-aa/social/ data.html). Use the variable, murder rate (per 100,000 population). In this exercise, do not use
3.4. According to the 2005 American Community Sur- vey, in 2005 the United States had 30.1 million households with one person, 37.0 million with two persons, 17.8 million with three persons, 15.3
3.3. A teacher shows her class the scores on the midterm exam in the stem-and-leaf plot: 615 8 8 701136779 812 2 3 3 3 46 77 78 9 9 0 1 1 2 3 4458 mum and maximum scores. (b) Sketch a histogram with
3.2. According to www.adherents.com, in 2006 the number of followers of the world's five largest religions were 2.1 billion for Christianity, 1.3 bil- lion for Islam, 0.9 billion for Hinduism, 0.4
3.1. Table 3.10 shows the number (in millions) of the foreign-born population of the United States in 2004, by place of birth.. (a) Construct a relative frequency distribution. (b) Sketch the data in
(Appendix) ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TURNOVER. A recent annual report for Gerber Products Company shows credit sales for the year of approximately $1,269 million and average accounts receivable of
Table 8.27 cross-classifies happiness with family income for the subsample of the 2004 GSS that identified themselves as Jewish.
For college freshmen in 2004, the percent who agreed that homosexual relationships should be legally prohibited was 38.0% of males and 23.4% of females (www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/american
Refer to Table 8.1 (page 222) on political party ID and gender. Find and interpret the odds ratio for each 2 x 2 subtable. Explain why this analysis suggests that the last two columns show
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, in 2004 the incarceration rate in the nation's pris- ons was 1 per 109 male residents, 1 per 1563 female residents, 1694 per 100,000 black resi- dents,
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Archive, a 2003 national household survey on drug abuse indicated that for Americans aged?
Table 8.26 cross-classifies 68,694 passengers in autos and light trucks involved in accidents in the state of Maine by whether they were wearing a seat belt and by whether they were injured or
Refer to Exercise 8.10, on alcohol use and cigarette usc. (a) Describe the strength of association using the difference between users and nonusers of alcohol in the proportions who have used
In a recent GSS, the death penalty for subjects convicted of murder was favored by 74% of whites and 43% of blacks. It was favored by 75% of males and 63% of females. In this sample, which variable
In a USA Today/Gallup poll in July 2006, 82% of Republicans approved of President George W. Bush's performance, whereas 9% of Democrats. approved. Would you characterize the associa tion between
Table 8.25 is from the 2006 General Social Survey, cross-classifying happiness (HAPPY) and marital status (MARITAL).
For a 2 x 4 cross classification of gender and reli- giosity (very, moderately, slightly, not at all) for recent GSS data, the standardized residual was 3.2 for females who are very religious, -3.2
Table 8.24 shows SPSS analyses with the 2004 GSS, for variables party ID and race. (a) Report the expected frequency for the first cell, and show how SPSS obtained it. (b) Test the hypothesis of
The sample in Table 8.15 is 157 black Amer cans. Table 8.23 shows cell counts and standardize residuals for income and happiness for white sul jects in the 2004 GSS. (a) Explain how to interpret the
In the GSS, subjects who were married were aske happiness of their marriage, the variable code the as HAPMAR. (a) Go to sda.berkeley.edu/GSS/ and constru a contingency table for 2006 relating HAB MAR

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