According to the U.S. Department of Justice, in 2004 the incarceration rate in the nation's pris- ons was 1 per 109 male residents, 1 per 1563 female residents, 1694 per 100,000 black resi- dents, and 252 per 100,000 white residents (Source: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs).

(a) Find the odds ratio between whether incarcer- ated and (i) gender, (ii) race. Interpret.

(b) According to the odds ratio, which has the stronger association with whether incarcer- ated, gender or race? Explain.