“Negligence per se” doctrine: Most courts apply the “negligence per se” doctrine: when a safety statute has a sufficiently close application to the facts of the case at hand, an unexcused violation of that statute by D is “negligence per se”, and thus conclusively establishes that D was negligent. (But the negligence per se doctrine will apply only where P shows that the statute was intended to guard against the very kind of injury in question.)