Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. It includes such areas as stem cell research, clinical genetics

(e.g., genetic disease markers), and molecular genetics.

■■ Genetic markers are genes or DNA sequences with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify specific cells and diseases, as well as individuals and species.

■■ The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 prohibits discrimination based on genetic information with respect to the availability of health insurance and employment.

■■ Stem cell research involves the use of embryonic stem cells to create organs and various body tissues.