In murder trials in 20 Florida counties during 1976 and 1977, the death penalty was given in 19 out of 151 cases in which a white killed a white, in 0 out of 9 cases in which a white killed a black, in 11 out of 63 cases in which a black killed a white, and in 6 out of 103 cases in which a black killed a black.25

a. Exhibit the data as a three-way contingency table. Construct the partial tables needed to study the conditional association between defendant’s race and the death penalty verdict. Find and interpret the sample conditional odds ratios.

b. Find and interpret the sample marginal odds ratio between defendant’s race and the death penalty verdict. Do these data exhibit Simpson’s paradox? Explain its cause.