The volatility of a stock is often measured by its beta value. You can estimate the beta value of a stock by developing a simple linear regression model, using the percentage weekly change in the stock as the dependent variable and the percentage weekly change in a market index as the independent variable. The S&P 500 Index is a common index to use. For example, if you wanted to estimate the beta value for Disney, you could use the following model, which is sometimes referred to as a market model:
(% weekly change in Disney) = β0
+ β1(% weekly change in S & P 500 index) + e
The least-squares regression estimate of the slope b1 is the estimate of the beta value for Disney. A stock with a beta value of l .0 tends to move the same as the overall market. A stock with a beta value of l .5 tends to move 50% more than the overall market, and a stock with a beta value of 0.6 tends to move only 60% as much as the overall market. Stocks with negative beta values tend to move in the opposite direction of the overall market. The following table gives some beta values for some widely held stocks as of August 12, 2012:

a. For each of the six companies, interpret the beta value.
b. How can investors use the beta value as a guide for investing?