In each of the following situations, what type of unemployment is Melanie facing?

a. After completing a complex programming project, Melanie is laid off. Her prospects for a new job requiring similar skills are good, and she has signed up with a programmer placement service. She has passed up offers for low-paying jobs.

b. When Melanie and her co-workers refused to accept pay cuts, her employer outsourced their programming tasks to workers in another country. This phenomenon is occurring throughout the programming industry.

c. Due to the current slump, Melanie has been laid off from her programming job. Her employer promises to rehire her when business picks up.