The frequency of the zero lower bound around the world Use the FRED database at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to find the monthly average nominal policy interest rates for four major central banks. The series for these rates are: United States, federal funds (FEDFUNDS); United Kingdom, (INTDSRGBM193N); European Central Bank (covering the Euro-zone countries including Italy, France, and Germany), immediate rate on Euro (IRSTCIO1EZM156N); Bank of Japan, immediate rate on yen (IRSTCIO1JPM156N); Bank of Canada, immediate rate (IRSTCBO1CAM156N).

Which of these central banks has spent a significant period of time at the zero lower bound since 2000?