Publish or perish Universities want their academics to be successful teachers and researchers. Teaching and research are mostly measured and evaluated separately. An important, and often intensely debated, issue is how university administrators can reliably measure the research output of academics. Please comment, using some of the IPMS characteristics mentioned in Figure 10.7, on the following alternative research output measurement instruments that have been used in universities:

1. The assessment by a committee of experts about the quality of the research programme a group of researchers intends to execute in the following four years.

2. The assessment by a committee of experts about the quality of the research publications realised in the previous four years.

3. Counting the number of journal articles and books published in the previous four years.

4. Counting the number of citations to articles published in the previous four years.

5. Counting both the number of citations and the number of articles published in the previous four years.