Public versus private universities and the Mann€“ Whitney U test: Do public or private universities tend to have better sociology graduate programs? U.S. News & World Report publishes online rankings of graduate schools across a range of disciplines. The table below includes the Report€™s 2013 list of the top 19 doctoral programs in sociology and notes whether the schools are public or private. Schools listed at the same rank are tied. 

a. What is the independent variable, and what are its levels? What is the dependent variable? 

b. Is this a between- groups or within-groups design? Explain.

c. Why do we have to use a nonparametric hypothesis test for these data? 

d. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing for a Mann€“Whitney U test. 

e. How would you presen t these statistics in a journal article?

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