Researchers investigated whether the amount of selfdisclosure on Facebook affected student perceptions of the instructor, the class, and the classroom environment (Mazer, Murphy, & Simonds, 2007). Students were randomly assigned to view one of three Facebook pages of an instructor. The pages were identical except that one instructor had high self-disclosure, one had medium self-disclosure, and one had low self-disclosure. Selfdisclosure was “manipulated in photographs, biological information, and posts” (p. 6). The researchers reported that “Participants who accessed the Facebook website of a teacher high in self-disclosure anticipated higher levels of motivation and affective learning and a more positive classroom climate” (p. 1). 

a. What is the independent variable, what kind of variable is it, and what are its levels? 

b. What is the first dependent variable mentioned, and what kind of variable is this? 

c. Is this a between-groups design or a within-groups design? Explain your answer. 

d. Based on your answers to parts (a) through (c), what kind of ANOVA would the researchers use to analyze the data? Explain your answer. 

e. Is this a true experiment? Explain your answer, and explain what this means for the researchers’ conclusion.