ProNet Systems' managers could set direct labor standards based on:

a. Past actual performance

b. Continuous improvement

c. Benchmarking

d. Time-and-motion studies

e. Any of the above 

ProNet Systems is a start-up company that makes connectors for high-speed Internet connections. The company has budgeted variable costs of \(\$ 130\) for each connector and fixed costs of \(\$ 8,000\) per month.

ProNet's static budget predicted production and sales of 100 connectors in August, but the company actually produced and sold only 75 connectors at a total cost of \(\$ 23,000\).