Researchers at Stanford University examined brain activity in women and men during exposure to humorous cartoons (Azim, Mobbs, Jo, Menon, & Reiss, 2005). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers observed more activity in the reward centers of women’s brains than men’s brains—the same reward centers that respond when you receive money or feel happy. The researchers suggested that this result might have occurred because women have lower expectations of humor than do men, so they find it more rewarding when something is actually funny. However, it’s also possible that women and men tend to find different things funny. So, the researchers asked women and men to indicate the percentage of 30 cartoons that they perceived to be either “funny” or “unfunny.” Below are fictional data for 9 people (4 women and 5 men); these fictional data have approximately the same means as in the original study. Percentage of cartoons labeled as “funny” 

Women: 84, 97, 58, 90
Men: 88, 90, 52, 97, 86

Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing for an independent-samples t test for this scenario, using a two-tailed test with critical values based on an alpha level of 0.05.