Researchers explored the effect of the expression of anger on physical health in two cultures—the United States and Japan (Kitayama et al., 2015). They noted that previous research linked the expression of anger with health problems, but this research had been conducted in Western cultures. In their cross-cultural study, the researchers found that high levels of anger (compared with low levels of anger) led to worse health, including higher blood pressure, among American participants, but better health among Japanese participants. The researchers speculate that in the United States, anger tends to indicate that people have experienced negative events. The researchers believe that, in Japan, anger tends to indicate that people feel “empowered and entitled”— positive feelings that tend to occur only among people in Japan who have more control over their lives.

a. List any independent variables, along with the levels.

b. What is the dependent variable?

c. What kind of ANOVA would the researchers use?

d. Name this ANOVA using the more specific language that enumerates the numbers of levels.

e. Use your answer to part (d) to calculate the number of cells. Explain how you made this calculation.

f. Draw a table that depicts the cells of this ANOVA.

g. Is this a quantitative or qualitative interaction? Explain your answer.