List as many sources of error as you can for some of the following measurements. Classify each one as systematic or random and estimate the magnitude of each source of error.
(a) The measurement of the diameter of a copper wire using a micrometer caliper.
(b) The measurement of the mass of a silver chloride precipitate in a porcelain crucible using a digital balance.
(c) The measurement of the resistance of an electrical heater using an electronic meter.
(d) The measurement of the time required for an automobile to travel the distance between two highway markers nominally 1 km apart, using a stopwatch.