Consider the attenuation bias result for the slope parameter of the bivariate errors-in-variables model (Equation (26.9) in Section 26.2.3). Extend the model to include an intercept term.

(a) Derive a parallel result for the measurement error bias of the intercept term.

(b) Derive a parallel identification-by-bounds result for the least-squares intercept estimate, similar to Equation (26.12) in Section 26.3.1.

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BR = BD, BD