b. How would the individuals who give to antipoverty programs have to view such programs in order for there to be no externality to private giving?

c. If your answer to

(b) is in fact how individuals view antipoverty efforts, are antipoverty efforts efficient in the absence of government intervention? If the government introduced antipoverty programs funded through taxes on those who are privately giving to such efforts already, to what extent would you expect the government programs to “crowd out” private efforts?