Astronomers find it convenient to use the redshift z = 1/a 1 to measure the size

Question:

Astronomers find it convenient to use the redshift z = 1/a − 1 to measure the size of the universe when the light they observed was emitted.


(a) Perform a Taylor expansion in z to show that the luminosity distance of a source is given to quadratic order by


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(b) The cubic term in this expansion involves the curvature K0 and the jerk j0 today. Calculate it.

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