In the ice-hockey example in Section 33.3, we found that there were 14 players with birthdays in January to March, out of a sample of 25 players. We did a hypothesis test to see whether this could happen by chance and got a P-value of 0.0018.

Say whether each of the following statements is true or false.

If the statement is false, explain why.

a. The P-value measures the evidence in our sample.

b. The P-value measures the birthday effect in the wider population of ice-hockey players.

c. Different samples from the population of ice-hockey players must give the same P-value.

d. Different samples from the population of ice-hockey players might give different P-values, but they will always be less than 0.05.