1. Would the academic outcomes of university juniors change as they become university seniors if they continuously pursue similar types of employment? Part-time employment is a common phenomenon among students and cause most parents to worry that combining paid work with academics may jeopardize their child’s performance.

Evidence from various disciplines across institutions indicate that a child is more likely to feel stressed, lack a social life, and face difficulties in attending classes and completing assignments if the jobs are strenuous or poorly managed. The problem of causality discussed in the chapter is easily observed in such employment effects. Parents concerned about the negative impact of part-time jobs should also be worried about their children’s inclinations toward particular types of jobs. Did the jobs cause the poor performance or did the individual’s predisposition determine their choice of part-time job and, therefore, has no relation to their academic performance?