19. Translate each of the following statements into symbolic form involving a p value:

(a) \The results did not reach significance at the .05 level."

(b) \The sample mean fell significantly below 50 at the .01 level."

(c) \The results were significant at the .001 level."

(d) \The difference between the sample mean and the hypothesized m was not statistically significant (a ¼ :05)."