1.8 The Programme for International Student Assessment

(PISA) is a global study by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD). It measures 15-year-old students’ ability to use their reading, mathematics, and science knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges. PISA data, available from the OECD website, is used for research into equity and inclusion in countries’ education worldwide. Using the data file PISA Sample, which provides a small sample for some variables, give an example of the following:

a. A categorical variable with ordinal responses

b. A categorical variable with nominal responses

c. A numerical variable with continuous responses

d. A numerical variable with discrete responses