In biological cells that have a plentiful supply of oxygen, glucose is oxidized completely to CO₂ and H₂O by a process called aerobic oxidation. Muscle cells may be deprived of O₂ during vigorous exercise and, in that case, one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of lactic acid (CH₃CH(OH)COOH) by a process called anaerobic glycolysis.

(a) When 0.3212 g of glucose was burned in a bomb calorimeter of calorimeter constant 641 J K⁻¹ the temperature rose by 7.793K. Calculate

(i) The standard molar enthalpy of combustion,

(ii) The standard internal energy of combustion.

(iii) The standard enthalpy of formation of glucose.

(b) What is the biological advantage (in kilojoules per mole of energy released as heat) of complete aerobic oxidation compared with anaerobic glycolysis to lactic acid?