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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics A Strategic Approach 2nd

If you launch a projectile upward with a high enough speed, its kinetic energy is sufficient to allow it to escape the earth's gravity-it will go up and not come back down. Given enough time,
How many atoms of hydrogen are in 100 g of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?
You may have noticed that latex helium balloons tend to shrink rather quickly; a balloon filled with air lasts a lot longer. Bal- loons shrink because gas diffuses out of them. The rate of diffusion
How many cubic millimeters (mm3) are in 1 L?
If you buy a sealed bag of potato chips in Miami and drive with it to Denver, where the atmospheric pressure is lower, you will find that the bag gets very "puffy." Explain why.
A box is 200 cm wide, 40 cm deep, and 3.0 cm high. What is its volume in m?
If you double the typical speed of the molecules in a gas, by what factor does the pressure change? Give a simple explanation why the pressure changes by this factor.
Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. If you have 1.0 kg of dry ice, what volume will it occupy if you heat it enough to turn it into a gas at a temperature of 20°C?
Two gases have the same number of molecules per cubic meter (N/V) and the same rms speed. The molecules of gas 2 are more massive than the molecules of gas 1. a. Do the two gases have the same
What is the absolute pressure of the air in your car's tires, in psi, when your pressure gauge indicates they are inflated to 35.0 psi? Assume you are at sea level.
a. Which contains more particles, a mole of helium gas or a mole of oxygen gas? Explain. b. Which contains more particles, a gram of helium gas or a gram of oxygen gas? Explain.
You have 100 g of aluminum and 100 g of lead. a. Which contains a larger number of moles? Explain. b. Which contains more atoms? Explain.
Many cultures around the world still use a simple weapon called a blowgun, a tube with a dart that fits tightly inside. A sharp breath into the end of the tube launches the dart. When exhaling
When you stifle a sneeze, you can damage delicate tissues because the pressure of the air that is not allowed to escape may rise by up to 45 kPa. If this extra pressure acts on the inside of your
A gas cylinder contains 1.0 mol of helium at a temperature of 20°C. A second identical cylinder contains 1.0 mol of neon at 20°C. The helium atoms are moving with a higher average speed, but the
7.5 mol of helium are in a 15 L cylinder. The pressure gauge on the cylinder reads 65 psi. What are (a) The temperature of the gas in °C (b) The average kinetic energy of a helium atom?
Mars has an atmosphere composed almost entirely of carbon dioxide, with an average temperature of -63°C. What is the rms speed of a molecule in Mars's atmosphere?
What is the maximum amount of work that a gas can do during a constant-volume process?
You need to precisely measure the dimensions of a large wood. panel for a construction project. Your metal tape measure was left outside for hours in the sun on a hot summer day, and now the tape is
Your car's radiator is made of steel and is filled with water. You fill the radiator to the very top with cold water, then drive off without remembering to replace the cap. As the water and the steel
A cylinder contains 3.0 L of oxygen at 300 K and 2.4 atm. The gas is heated, causing a piston in the cylinder to move outward. The heating causes the temperature to rise to 600 K and the volume of
Materials A and B have equal densities, but A has a larger specific heat than B. You have 100 g cubes of each material. Cube A, initially at 0°C, is placed in good thermal contact with cube B,
A student is heating chocolate in a pan on the stove. He uses a cooking thermometer to measure the temperature of the chocolate and sees it varies as shown in Figure Q12.20. Describe what is
A sample of ideal gas is in a cylinder with a movable piston. 600 J of heat is added to the gas in an isothermal process. As the gas expands, pushing against the piston, how much work does it do?
If you bake a cake at high elevation, where atmospheric pressure is lower than at sea level, you will need to adjust the recipe. You will need to cook the cake for a longer time, and you will need to
The specific heat of aluminum is higher than that of iron. 1 kg blocks of iron and aluminum are heated to 100°C, and each is then dropped into its own 1 L beaker of 20°C water. Which beaker will
If you have two spoons of the same size, one silver and one stainless steel, there is a quick test to tell which is which. Hold the end of a spoon in each hand, then lower them both into a cup of
It is possible to make a thermometer by scaling gas in a rigid container and measuring the absolute pressure. Such a constant- volume gas thermometer is placed in an ice-water bath at 0.00°C. After
If you live somewhere with cold, clear nights, you may have noticed some mornings when there was frost on open patches of ground but not under trees. This is because the ground under trees does not
A 1.0 cm3 air bubble is released from the sandy bottom of a warm, shallow sea, where the gauge pressure is 1.5 atm. The bubble rises slowly enough that the air inside remains at the same constant
A tire is inflated to a gauge pressure of 35 psi. The absolute pressure in the tire is A. Less than 35 psi. B. Equal to 35 psi. C. Greater than 35 psi.
A weather balloon rises through the atmosphere, its volume expanding from 4.0 m3 to 12 m3 as the temperature drops from 20°C to -10°C. If the initial gas pressure inside the balloon is 1.0 atm,
The number of atoms in a container is increased by a factor of 2 while the temperature is held constant. The pressure A. Decreases by a factor of 4. B. Decreases by a factor of 2. C. Stays the
A straight rod consists of a 1.2-cm-long piece of aluminum attached to a 2.0-cm-long piece of steel. By how much will the length of this rod change if its temperature is increased from 20°C to 40°C?
A gas is compressed by an isothermal process that decreases its volume by a factor of 2. In this process, the pressure.A. Does not change. B. Increases by a factor of less than 2. C. Increases by a
The length of a steel beam increases by 0.73 mm when its temperature is raised from 22°C to 35°C. What is the length of the beam at 22°C?
A gas is compressed by an adiabatic process that decreases its volume by a factor of 2. In this process, the pressure A. Does not change. B. Increases by a factor of less than 2. C. Increases by a
Older railroad tracks in the U.S. are made of 12-m-long pieces of steel. When the tracks are laid, gaps are left between the sections to prevent buckling when the steel thermally expands. If a track
Suppose you do a calorimetry experiment to measure the specific heat of a penny. You take a number of pennies, measure their mass, heat them to a known temperature, and then drop them into a
The temperature of an aluminum disk is increased by 120°C. By what percentage does its volume increase?
A cup of water is heated with a heating coil that delivers 100 W of heat. In one minute, the temperature of the water rises by 20°C. What is the mass of the water? A. 72 g C. 720 g B. 140 g D. 1.4 kg
How much energy must be removed from a 200 g block of ice to cool it from 0°C to -30°C?
100 g of ice at 0°C and 100 g of steam at 100°C interact thermally in a well-insulated container. The final state of the system isA. An ice-water mixture at 0°C. B. Water at a temperature between
Suppose the 600 W of radiation emitted in a microwave oven is absorbed by 250 g of water in a very lightweight cup. Approximately how long will it take to heat the water from 20°C to 80°C?A.
The maximum amount of water an adult in temperate climates can perspire in one hour is typically 1.8 L. However, after several weeks in a tropical climate the body can adapt, increasing the maximum
Alligators and other reptiles don't use enough metabolic energy to keep their body temperatures constant. They cool off at night and must warm up in the sun in the morning. Suppose a 300 kg alligator
When air is inhaled, it quickly becomes saturated with water vapor as it passes through the moist upper airways. When breathing dry air, about 25 mg of water are exhaled with each breath. At 12
It is important for the body to have mechanisms to effectively cool itself; if not, moderate exercise could easily increase body temperatures to dangerous levels. Suppose a 70 kg man runs on a
What minimum heat is needed to bring 100 g of water at 20°C to the boiling point and completely boil it away?
Brewed coffee is often too hot to drink right away. You can cool it with an ice cube, but this dilutes it. Or you can buy a device that will cool your coffee without dilution-a 200 g aluminum
Marianne really likes coffee, but on summer days she doesn't want to drink a hot beverage. If she is served 200 mL of coffee at 80°C in a well-insulated container, how much ice at 0°C should she
If a person has a dangerously high fever, submerging her in ice water is a bad idea, but an ice pack can help to quickly bring her body temperature down. How many grams of ice at 0°C will be melted
What is the temperature change of 1.0 mol of a monatomic gas if its thermal energy is increased by 1.0 J?
The temperature of 2.0 g of helium is increased at constant volume by ΔT. What mass of oxygen can have its temperature increased by the same amount at constant volume using the same amount of heat?
A 1.8-cm-thick wood floor covers a 4.0 m X 5.5 m room. The subfloor on which the flooring sits is at a temperature of 16.2°C, while the air in the room is at 19.6°C. What is the rate of heat
A copper-bottomed kettle, its bottom 24 cm in diameter and 3.0 mm thick, sits on a burner. The kettle holds boiling water, and energy flows into the water from the kettle bottom at 800 W. What is the
What is the greatest possible rate of energy transfer by radiation from a metal cube 2.0 cm on a side that is at 700°C? Its emissivity is 0.20.
Seals may cool themselves by using thermal windows, patches on their bodies with much higher than average surface temperature. Suppose a seal has a 0.030 m2 thermal window at a temperature of 30°C.
What is the greatest possible rate of energy transfer by radiation for a 5.0-cm-diameter sphere that is at 100°C?
Electronics and inhabitants of the International Space Station generate a significant amount of thermal energy that the station must get rid of. The only way that the station can exhaust thermal
If you lie on the ground at night with no cover, you get cold rather quickly. Much of this is due to energy loss by radiation. At night in a dry climate, the temperature of the sky can drop to
A 15-cm-diameter compressed-air tank is 50 cm tall. The pressure at 20°C is 150 atm.a. How many moles of air are in the tank? b. What volume would this air occupy at STP?
A 10-cm-diameter cylinder of helium gas is 30 cm long and at 20°C. The pressure gauge reads 120 psi. a. How many helium atoms are in the cylinder? b. What is the mass of the helium?
Party stores sell small tanks containing 30 g of helium gas. If you use such a tank to fill 0.010 m3 foil balloons (which don't stretch, and so have an internal pressure that is very close to
0.030 mol of an ideal monatomic gas undergoes an adiabatic compression that raises its temperature from 10°C to 50°C. How much work is done on the gas to compress it?
0.15 mol of an ideal monatomic gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion, cooling from 20°C to -10°C. How much work is done by the gas during the expansion?
Susan, whose mass is 68 kg, climbs 59 m to the top of the Cape Hatteras lighthouse. a. During the climb, by how much does her potential energy increase? b. For a typical efficiency of 25%, what
A 68 kg woman cycles at a constant 15 km/h. All of the metabolic energy that does not go to forward propulsion is converted to thermal energy in her body. If the only way her body has to keep cool is
The top layer of your goose down sleeping bag has a thickness of 5.0 cm and a surface area of 1.0 m2. When the outside temperature is -20°C, you lose 25 Cal/h by heat conduction through the bag
Suppose you go outside in your fiber-filled jacket on a windless but very cold day. The thickness of the jacket is 2.5 cm, and it covers 1.1 m2 of your body. The purpose of fiber- or down-filled
Two thin, square copper plates are radiating energy at the same rate. The edge length of plate 2 is four times that of plate 1. What is the ratio of absolute temperatures T1/T2 of the plates?
A drop of green ink falls into a beaker of clear water. First describe what happens. Then explain the outcome in terms of entropy.
If you hold a rubber band loosely between two fingers and then stretch it, you can tell by touching it to the sensitive skin of your forehead that stretching the rubber band has increased its
In areas in which the air temperature drops very low in the winter, the exterior unit of a heat pump designed for heating is sometimes buried underground in order to use the earth as a thermal
A heat engine does 20 J of work while exhausting 30 J of waste heat. What is the engine's efficiency?
When the sun's light hits the earth, the temperature rises. Is there an entropy change to accompany this transformation? Explain.
When you put an ice cube tray filled with liquid water in your freezer, the water eventually becomes solid ice. The solid is more ordered than the liquid-it has less entropy. Explain how this
A company markets an electric heater that is described as 100% efficient at converting electric energy to thermal energy. Does this violate the second law of thermodynamics?
A person is walking on level ground at constant speed. What energy transformation is taking place? A. Chemical energy is being transformed to thermal energy. B. Chemical energy is being transformed
Converting sunlight to electricity with solar cells has an efficiency of ≈15%. It's possible to achieve a higher efficiency. (though currently at higher cost) by using concentrated sunlight as the
A newly proposed device for generating electricity from the sun is a heat engine in which the hot reservoir is created by focusing sunlight on a small spot on one side of the engine. The cold
A refrigerator takes in 20 J of work and exhausts 50 J of heat. What is the refrigerator's coefficient of performance?
The thermal energy of a container of helium gas is halved. What happens to the temperature, in kelvin? A. It decreases to one-fourth its initial value. B. It decreases to one-half its initial
Air conditioners are rated by their coefficient of performance at 80F inside temperature and 95°F outside temperature. An efficient but realistic air conditioner has a coefficient of performance of
An inventor approaches you with a device that he claims will take 100 J of thermal energy input and produce 200 J of electricity. You decide not to invest your money because this device would
Find the maximum possible coefficient of performance for a heat pump used to heat a house in a northerly climate in winter. The inside is kept at 20°C while the outside is -20°C.
For how long would a 68 kg athlete have to swim at a fast crawl to use all the energy available in a typical fast-food meal of burger, fries, and a drink?
To a good approximation, the only external force that does work on a cyclist moving on level ground is the force of air resistance. Suppose a cyclist is traveling at 15 km/h on level ground. Assume
The winning time for the 2005 annual race up 86 floors of the Empire State Building was 10 min and 49 s. The winner's mass was 60 kg. a. If each floor was 3.7 m high, what was the winner's change in
A 68 kg hiker walks at 5.0 km/h up a 7% slope. What is the necessary metabolic power?
A 70 kg student consumes 2500 Cal each day and stays the same weight. One day, he eats 3500 Cal and, wanting to keep from gaining weight, decides to "work off" the excess by jumping up and down. With
To make your workouts more productive, you can get a generator that you drive with the rear wheel of your bicycle when it is mounted in a stand. a. Your laptop charger uses 75 W. What is your body's
The resistance of an exercise bike is often provided by a generator; that is, the energy that you expend is used to generate electric energy, which is then dissipated. Rather than dissipate the
Larger animals use proportionately less energy than smaller animals; that is, it takes less energy per kg to power an elephant than to power a human. A 5000 kg African elephant requires about 70,000
Smaller mammals use proportionately more energy than larger mammals; that is, it takes more energy per gram to power a mouse than a human. A typical mouse has a mass of 20 g and, at rest, needs to
A large horse can perform work at a steady rate of about 1 horsepower, as you might expect. a. Assuming a 25% efficiency, how many Calories would a horse need to consume to work at 1.0 hp for 1.0
A college student is working on her physics homework in her dorm room. Her room contains a total of 6.0 × 1026 gas molecules. As she works, her body is converting chemical energy into thermal energy
Describe the energy transfers and transformations that occur from the time you sit down to breakfast until you've completed a fast bicycle ride.
A 60% efficient device uses chemical energy to generate 600 J of electric energy.a. How much chemical energy is used? b. A second device uses twice as much chemical energy to generate half as much
A 10% efficient engine accelerates a 1500 kg car from rest to 15 m/s. How much energy is transferred to the engine by burning gasoline?

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