23. Suppose the five-stage pipeline of Figure 12.45

(a) executes a branch 15% of the time, each branch causing the next instruction that executes to stall until the completion of the branch, as in Figure 12.45(b).

(a) What is the percentage increase in the number of cycles over the ideal pipeline with no bubbles?

(b) Suppose an n-stage pipeline executes a branch x% of the time, each branch causing the next instruction that executes to stall until the completion of the branch. What is the percentage increase in the number of cycles over the ideal pipeline with no bubbles?