1. Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement— define it and give a Skinner-box example. 

2. Post-reinforcement pause—give an example. 

3. What is the relationship between the length of a pause and the size of the ratio in a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? 

4. How would you build up to a high ratio requirement? 

5. What do behavior analysts mean by straining the ratio? 

6. For a pigeon to respond on a fixed-ratio 20,000 schedule of reinforcement, does the pigeon have to be able to count the responses? Explain.