Using two concrete examples (e.g., the on-task contingency and the spitball contingency), compare and contrast avoidance of the loss of a reinforcer and punishment by the removal of a reinforcer. 

• Show how each contingency fits the appropriate cells in the preceding table. 

• Use the dead-man test. 

• Is the non-avoidance response class so infinitely large that it’s not useful to think of it as a punishable response class? Explain.