Apple Computer popularized both the personal computer and the easy-to-use graphic interface. Today it competes against many companies that rely on Intel microprocessors and the Windows operating system. The company's income statement for a recent year is presented below (in millions of U.S. dollars).

Required:
Assume that the following hypothetical additional transactions occurred during the fiscal year. Complete the following tabulation, indicating the sign of the effect of each additional transaction ( + for increase, - for decrease, and NE for no effect). Consider each item independently and ignore income taxes.

a. Recorded sales on account of \(\$ 700\) and related cost of goods sold of \(\$ 475\).

b. Incurred additional research and development expense of \(\$ 100\), which was paid in cash.

c. Issued additional common shares for \(\$ 350\) cash.

d. Declared and paid dividends of \(\$ 90\).

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Net sales. Cost of sales Gross margin Operating expenses: $13,931 9,888 4,043 Research and development 534 Selling, general, and administrative 1,859 Total operating expenses 2,393 Operating income Other income and expense: 1,650 Interest and other income, net Profit before provision for income taxcs Provision for income taxes Profit 165 1,815 480 $ 1,335