Now, conceptualize the output or end-item of the project as a system. Again, focus on the elements, relationships, attributes, subsystems, environment, and so on. All projects, whether directed at making a physical product (e.g. computer, space station, skyscraper, research report) or a service (e.g. giving consultation and advice), are devoted to producing systems.

This exercise will help you better understand what the project is doing. It is also good preparation for topics in the next chapter.