=+in the Doyen et al. (2012) and the Gilder and Heerey

(2018) studies, experimenters had no particular motivation to ‘cheat’ – they probably were not deliberately influencing participants. How would you test for these effects? Understanding these effects is important not only to understand how social psychological experiments can go wrong, but it may also help us understand how our perceptions of others can become a self-fulfilling prophecy (see Chapters 9 and 11).