9. It takes a long time and extensive practice to build and consolidate knowledge. Numerous visits and practice in different contexts and distributed over time (not all at once) help to form strong, multiple connections. Changing the brain (learning) benefits from elaborating, extending, and applying concepts in different situations and subjects over time. Probing questions, worked out examples, annotated and carefully labeled charts and graphs, reflection, and asking students to explain new learning to themselves and each other all help.