Miss Hutton turned around with a scowl on her face and addressed her second-graders. “What do you think you’re doing, Johnny? Did I tell you to get out of your seat? Don’t you ever let me catch you up without permission again.”

The class sat silently with their eyes wide. When the lunch bell rang an hour later, not one of the children dared to move from their seats. This is an example of which one of the following?

A. Self-regulation B. Self-efficacy C. Reciprocal causality D. Vicarious learning